Hak Asasi Manusia

Konsep Hak Asasi Manusia

• Ciri-ciri HAM: - tidak perlu diberikan, dibeli atau diwarisi; -berlaku untuk semua orang tanpa membedakan jenis kelamin, ras, agama, pandangan politik, asal-usul sosial atau bangsa; - tidak bisa dilanggar.

• Perkembangan (Barat):

• Magna Charta Libertatum (1215 di Inggris)  melawan kekuasan mutlak raja, melarang penahanan, penghukuman, dan perampasan benda secara sewenang-wenang. 
• Habeas Corpus (1679)  dokumen peradaban hukum, orang yang ditahan harus dihadapkan dalam waktu 3 hari kepada seorang hakim dan diberitahu atas tuduhan apa ia ditahan.
• Bill of Rights (1689)  hak hak parlemen di Inggris
• Déclaration des droits des hommes et de citoyen  pernyataan hak-hak asasi manusia dan warga negara dari Revolusi Perancis 1789 mengenalkan prinsip liberte, egalite, fraterniti.

Konvensi Hak Asasi Manusia

• Konvensi HAM internasional  perjanjian internasional yang memberikan standar tingkah laku bagi tiap-tiap pemerintahan suatu negara untuk melaksanakan PERJANJIAN (AGREEMENT), KOVENAN, atau PAKTA tentang HAM.
• Era Liga Bangsa-bangsa  Konvensi Perbudakan (1926)
• Era Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa (PBB)  Deklarasi Universal HAM (DUHAM) 1948, bersifat tidak mengikat
• Kovenan Internasional: (1) Kovenan internasional tentang hak sipil dan politik; (2) kovenan internasional tentang hak ekonomi, sosial dan budaya (1966). Mengikat bagi negara - negara yg telah meratifikasinya. Kedua dokumen ini dikenal sebagai International Bill of Human Rights.

Konsep Hak Asasi Manusia

• Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia PBB (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 10 Desember 1948) 
• Kovenan internasional tentang hak sipil dan politik, kovenan internasional tentang hak ekonomi, sosial dan budaya (1966)
• Konvensi internasional tentang hak-hak khusus (1976)
• Konvensi hak-hak politik perempuan (UU No. 68 Tahun 1958)
• Konvensi tentang Penghapusan segala bentuk diskriminasi terhadap Perempuan (CEDAW, 1979  UU No. 7 tahun 1984)
• Konvensi tentang Hak-hak Anak
• Konvensi anti-apartheid dalam Olahraga
• Vienna Declaration (1993)
• Konvensi menentang penyiksaan dan perlakuan atau hukuman yang lain yang kejam, tidak manusiawi dan merendahkan martabat manusia
• Konvensi tentang penghapusan segala bentuk diskriminasi rasial

• Empat kelompok HAM

1. Hak-hak asasi Negatif (Liberal): melindungi kehidupan pribadi manusia terhadap campur tangan negara dan kekuatan sosial lainnya
2. Hak-hak asasi Aktif (Demokrasi): keyakinan akan kedaulatan, hak rakyat memerintah diri sendiri
3. Hak-hak asasi positif : menuntut prestasi negara berupa pelayanan publik
4. Hak-hak asasi Sosial: perluasan paham kewajiban negara

Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948

Article 1

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Article 2

Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as  race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.  Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the  country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.

Article 3

Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.

Article 4

No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.

Article 5

No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

Article 6

Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.

Article 7

All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled  to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.

Article 8

Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.

Article 9

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.

Article 10

Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the 

determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.

Article 11

1. Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.
2. No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed