Bagian - Bagian Seni Rupa Serta Keterangannya

Kemampuan bidang estetika dan budaya seakan dikesampingkan pada kondisi sistem pendidikan nasional saat ini, karena lebih mengutamakan pengembangan kemampuan dibidang ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi, dan matematika. Hal ini kurang mendukung upaya pembentukan kwalitas kepribadian manusia Indonesia yang diharapkan. Peran pendidikan seni merupakan salah satu kemampuan dibidang estetika yang dapat mewujudkan manusia seutuhnya.

Seni merupakan salah satu pemanfaatan budi dan akal untuk menghasilkan karya yang dapat menyentuh jiwa spiritual manusia. Karya seni merupakan suatu wujud ekspresi yang bernilai dan dapat dirasakan secara visual maupun audio. Seni terdiri dari musik, tari, rupa, dan drama/sastra. Seni rupa merupakan ekspresi yang diungkapkan secara visual dan terwujud nyata (rupa).

Seni rupa modern terbagi atas dua kelompok besar yaitu seni murni dan seni terapan. Seni terapan terdiri dari desain dan kriya. Desain dan Kriya bertujuan untuk mengisi kebutuhan masyarakat akan bidang estetis terapan. Perkembangan keilmuan seni rupa dalam beberapa tahun terakhir ini mengalami perluasan ke arah wahana besar yang kita kenal sebagai budaya rupa (visual culture). Lingkup sesungguhnya tidak hanya cabang-cabang seni rupa yang kita kenal saja, seperti lukis, patung, keramik, grafis dan kriya, tapi juga meliputi kegiatan luas dunia desain dan kriya (kerajinan), multimedia, fotografi. Bahkan muncul pula teori dan ilmu sejarah seni rupa, semantika produk, semiotika visual, kritik seni, metodelogi desain, manajemen desain, sosiologi desain, dan seterusnya.

Dalam kehidupan seni rupa modern, dari dua kelompok besar seni murni dan seni terapan, terdapat pembagian tiga jenis seni rupa yang telah lazim, yaitu seni murni, desain, dan kriya.

SENI MURNI
Seni rupa murni lebih mengkhususkan diri pada proses penciptaan karya seninya dilandasi oleh tujuan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan akan kepuasan batin senimannya.Seni murni diciptakan berdasarkan kreativitas dan ekspresi yang sangat pribadi (lukis, patung, grafis, keramik ). Namun dalam hal tertentu, karya seni rupa murni itu dapat pula diperjualbelikan atau memiliki fungsi sebagai benda pajangan dalam sebuah ruang.
  1. Seni lukis salah satu jenis seni murni berwujud dua dimensi pada umumnya dibuat di atas kain kanvas berpigura dengan bahan cat minyak, cat akrilik, atau bahan lainnya. 
  2. Seni patung salah satu jenis seni murni berwujud tiga dimensi. Patung dapat dibuat dari bahan batu alam, atau bahan-bahan industri seperti logam,serat gelas, dan lain-lain. 
  3. Seni keramik termasuk seni murni tiga dimensi sebagai karya bebas yang tidak terikat pada bentuk fungsional
  4. Seni Grafis merupakan seni murni dua dimensi dikerjakan dengan teknik cetak baik yang bersifat konvensional maupun melalui penggunaan teknologi canggih. Teknik cetak konvensional antara lain:
  • Cetak Tinggi ( Relief Print ) 
wood cut print, wood engraving print, lino cut print, kolase print
  • Cetak Dalam ( Intaglio ) 
dry point, etsa, mizotint,sugartint
  • Sablon ( silk screen )
Teknik Cetak dengan teknologi modern, misalnya offset dan digital print.

DESAIN
Di zaman modern segala benda dan bangunan yang dibutuhkan manusia, umumnya merupakan karya desain, baik dengan pendekatan estetis, maupun pendekatan fungsional. Istilah desain mengalami perluasan makna, yaitu sebagai kegiatan manusia yang berupaya untuk memecahkan masalah kebutuhan fisik.

Berbeda dengan karya seni murni, desain merupakan suatu aktivitas yang bertitik tolak dari unsur-unsur obyektif dalam mengekspresikan gagasan visualnya. Unsur-unsur obyektif suatu karya desain adalah adanya unsure rekayasa (teknologi), estetika (gaya visual), prinsip sains (fisika), pasar (kebutuhan masyarakat), produksi (industri), bahan (sumber daya alam), budaya (Sikap, mentalitas, aturan, gaya hidup), dan lingkungan (social). Unsur objektif yang menjadi pilar sebuah karya desain dapat berubah tergantung jenis desain dan pendekatan.

Cabang-cabang desain yang kita kenal antara lain ada di bawah ini :
  • Desain Produk (Industrial Design)
Desain produk adalah cabang seni rupa yang berupaya untuk memecahkan persoalan kebutuhan masyarakat akan peralatan dan benda sehari-hari untuk menunjang kegiatannya, seperti : mebel, alat rumah tangga, alat transportasi, alat tulis, alat makan, alat kedokteran, perhiasan, pakaian, sepatu, pengatur waktu, alat kebersihan, cindera mata, kerajinan, mainan anak, bahkan perkakas pertukangan.

  • Desain Grafis/ Desain Komunikasi Visual
Desain grafis adalah bagian dari seni rupa yang berupaya untuk memecahkankebutuhan masyarakat akan komunikasi rupa yang dicetak, seperti poster, brosur, undangan, majalah, surat kabar, logo perusahan, kemasan, buku, dan bhkan juga cerita bergambar (komik), ilustrasi, dan krikatur,. Desain grafis kemudian mengalami perkembangan sejalan dengan kebutuhan masyarakat. Kini cabang seni rupa ini dikenal dengan nama desain komunikasi visual dengan penambahan cakupannya meliputi
multimedia dan fotografi.

  • Desain arsitektur
Terdapat dua pandangan yang berbeda terhadap dunia arsitektur. Yakni, pandangan yang menempatkan arsitektur sebagai bidang keahlian teknik (keinsinyuran) dan pandangan yang menempatkan arsitektur sebagai bagian dari seni. Secara umum, desain asitektur adalah suatu kegiatan yang berupaya untuk memecahkan akan kebutuhuhan hunian masyarakat yang indah dan nyaman. Seperti rumah tinggal, perkantoran, sarana relaksasi, stadion olah raga, rumah sakit, tempat ibadah, bangunan umum, hingga bangunan industri.

  • Desain interior
Desain Interior adalah suatu cabang seni rupa yang berupaya untuk memecahkan kebutuhan akan ruang yang nyaman dan indah dalam sebuah hunian, seperti ruang hotel, rumah tinggal, bank, museum, restoran, kantor, pusat hiburan, rumah sakit, sekolah, bahkan ruang dapur dan kafe. Banyak yang berpandangan bahwa desain interior merupakan bagian dari arsitektur dan menjadi kesatuan yang utuh dengan desain tata ruang secara keseluruhan. Namun, pandangan ini berubah ketika profesi desain interior berkembang menjadi ilmu untuk merancang ruang dalam dengan pendekatan-pendekatan keprofesionalan.

Dunia desain berkembang sejalan dengan kemajuan kebudayaan manusia. Masyarakat juga mengenal desain multimedia. Cabang desain ini berkembang sejalan dengan tumbuhnya teknologi komputer dan dunia pertelevisian.

KRIYA
Perkembangan dalam dunia seni rupa, adalah munculnya kriya sebagai bagian tersendiri yang terpisah dari seni rupa murni. Jika sebelumnya kita mengenal istilah seni kriya sebagai bagian dari seni murn, kita mengenal istilah kriya atau ada pula yang menyebutnya kriya seni. Kriya merupakan peng-Indonesiaan dari istilah Inggris Craft, yaitu kemahiran membuat produk yang bernilai artistik dengan keterampilan tangan, produk yang dihasilkan umumnya eksklusif dan dibuat tunggal, baik atas pesanan ataupun kegiatan kreatif individual. Ciri karya kriya adalah produk yang memiliki nilai keadiluhungan baik dalam segi estetik maupun guna. Sedangkan karya kriya yang kemudian dibuat misal umumnya dikenal sebagai barang kerajinan.

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